We owe a deep debt to the eighteenth century-the turning epoch of the modern world-the age which gave birth to the movements wherein we live, and to all the tasks that we yet labour to solve. "It was a century which included twenty years of the life of Newton, twenty-three of Wren's, sixteen of Leibnitz, and the whole lives of Hume, Kant, Adam Smith, Gibbon, Priestley, Washington, Johnson and Burns, Watt and Arkwright; the century which founded the Monarchy of Prussia and the Empire of Britain, which gave birth to the Republic in America and then in France. It raised to the rank of sciences chemistry, botany, and zoology; it created the conception of social science, and laid its foundation; it produced the historical schools and the economic schools of England and of France, the new metaphysics of Germany, the new music of Germany; it gave birth to the new romance literature of England and of France, to the true prose literature of Europe; it transformed material life by manifold inventions and arts; it transformed social life no less than political life; it found modern civilization in a military phase, it left it in an industrial phase; it found modern Europe fatigued, oppressed with worn-out forms, uneasy with the old life, uncertain and hopeless about the new; it left modern Europe recast without and animated within, burning with life, hope, and energy.

"When the eighteenth century opened, the King of England ruled, outside of these islands, over some two or three millions at the most ; when the nineteenth century opened, these two or three had become at least a hundred millions. The colonies and settlements in America and in Australia, the Mauritius dependency, the Indies (East and West), were mainly added to the Crown during the eighteenth century, and chiefly by the