For 1843, £235,000,000; for 1851, £330,000,000; for 1864, £444,000,000; and for the period subsequent to 1880, an amount certainly not less than £620,000,000. Now here we have the gross income, at the different times specified, of all the persons or families in this country with annual incomes of less than £150; and we have only to set against each amount the corresponding number of the population to arrive at once at certain very definite conclusions. In the case of the first two periods this operation is perfectly simple, for the population in 1851 was, practically, precisely the same as it was in 1843. It had not increased by so much as 140,000 persons, and may in each case be stated, in round numbers, as 27,000,000. In 1864 it was verging on 30,000,000, and at the present moment it is approaching 36,000,000. We know, however, that of this increase in number the larger part, proportionately, is to be attributed to the richer classes. They have increased by more than 200 per cent., or from 1,500,000 to 4,700,000; whilst the poorer classes, on the contrary, have increased by but 20 per cent., or from 26,000,000 in 1843 and 1851 to something over 30,000,000 now. Hence the same number of those that in 1843 had £235,000,000 annually, had in 1851 £330,000,000; and a number that is barely greater by one-fifth has annually, by this time, some £620,000;000. Now, if we state this increase in terms of the average income per family, we find that each family amongst the poorer classes in England had in 1843 about £40 a year, that in 1851 it had £58, and that at the present time it has between £95 and £100. That is to say, the incomes of those who had less than £150 a-year have increased during the